Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Alimento. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Alimento. Mostrar todas las entradas

miércoles, 28 de mayo de 2014

Todmorden, el pueblo inglés auto-suficente alimentariamente.



En la ciudad de todmorden creen tener la fórmula para salvar el planeta.


En dos años, la localidad ha cambiado radicalmente la manera como produce sus alimentos y la forma en que sus residentes se preocupan del medio ambiente. Para 2018 esperan que la ciudad sea totalmente autosuficiente.

El pueblo más comestible del mundo. Uno llega en tren a Todmorden, y lo primero que encuentra nada más salir de la estación es un suculento mapa de todos los cultivos que hay a mano, “Help yourself!” (“¡Sírvase usted mismo!”).

Se plantan a discreción verduras, hierbas y árboles frutales en 70 espacios públicos. Se forma una red de 280 voluntarios que se turnan y se dedican dos mañanas al mes a cuidar de los cultivos. Y todo el mundo (incluidos los turistas) pueden servirse gratis y a placer cuando llega la hora de la cosecha.

sábado, 28 de septiembre de 2013

Link between algae and MND

Cyanobacteria may cause certain neurodegenerative diseases such as the one affecting Stephen Hawking. Image: Mike Blanchard/Shutterstock
A recently identified link between a toxic amino acid found in blue-green algae and several motor neurone diseases could help researchers devise a therapy for the fatal conditions.
Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), most often associated with nutrient runoff in coastal waters, produce a neurotoxic amino acid called β-methylamino-L-alanine, or BMAA.

Australian waterways regularly succumb to toxic algal blooms, the NSW’s Barwon-Darling River System suffering one of the world’s largest in the summer of 1991-92 when a bloom spread for over 1000 kilometres.

There has been increasing evidence of a link between motor neuron disease and the consumption of food or water contaminated by blue-green algae but it wasn’t clear how the algal toxin was damaging the central nervous system.

Now, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) researchers led by Dr Ken Rodgers, in collaboration with leading ethno botanist Dr Paul Cox and researchers from the Institute of EthnoMedicine in Wyoming in the US, have discovered that BMAA mimics an amino acid called serine that is used to make human proteins. BMAA is mistakenly incorporated into human proteins in place of serine, resulting in damaged proteins which over time, build up to toxic levels and kill the cells.

The research findings are published in the journal PLOS ONE. The first author of the paper, Dr Rachael Dunlop, said for many years people had linked BMAA with an increased risk of motor neuron disease.

The missing piece of the puzzle was how this might occur. Finally, we have that piece,” said Dr Dunlop. “Common amongst all neurodegenerative diseases is the problem of clumps of proteins overloading cells and forcing them to ‘commit suicide’. This research reveals that BMAA can also trigger this process,

BMAA was originally identified in Guam after the indigenous people, the Chamorros, were found to suffer motor neurone disease up to 100 times more often than other people. The Chamorros used seeds from cycad palms to make flour, and regularly ate fruit bats, which also ate the seeds. Both these foodstuffs contained BMAA.

Since then, research has revealed increased incidences of MND in people who lived near lakes subject to frequent cyanobacterial blooms, among consumers of contaminated shellfish, and in soldiers deployed to the Gulf War between 1990-1991.

Over 90 per cent of motor neurone diseases have no known cause or cure. The diseases kill motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, progressively paralysing the body.

Though MND is relatively rare, it has a high profile as a result of a number of high-profile people being affected including Professor Stephen Hawking.

The full paper can be found here.


ORIGINAL: Science Alert
University of Technology Sydney
Thursday, 26 September 2013

viernes, 13 de septiembre de 2013

Marin Sawa: Algaerium Bioprinter prints healthy food in your home

ORIGINAL: This Is AliveMarin Sawa

Marin Sawa
The Algaerium Bioprinter’ prototype demonstrates how microalgae can be cultivated in our domestic space to provide digitally printed health food on demand. This project refers to my previous work, which explored the aesthetic and functions of microalgae living systems. Here, Algaerium acts as an ink reservoir, containing ‘superfood’ microalgae such as Chlorella, Spirulina and Haematococcus. The selection of the algae strains reflects the diversity of colours in algae and allows for colourful printed patterns. Often algaes’ colours also indicate their nutraceutical values. For instance, Chlorella is exploited as health food for its high content of chlorophylls, responsible for its green pigmentation. Such species are cultivated on industrial scale and are increasingly in demand in today’s global health food market.

The Bioprinter envisions an immediate future in which algae ‘farming’ forms a new part of urban agriculture to reinforce food safety in our cities.

My project aims at adapting this industrial-scale production to a domestic technology. For this, I have been working in collaboration with Imperial College London to develop a new inkjet printing technology suitable for algae printing. By introducing living microalgae to food printing, we have invented a new way of consuming health food supplements. At micro scale, the Bioprinter technology provides a process in which cells can be ruptured and their nutrients can be readily absorbed. At macro scale, the Bioprinter envisions an immediate future in which algae ‘farming’ forms a new part of urban agriculture to reinforce food safety in our cities. We are also currently developing the technology to print algal-based energy devices as well as filtering devices. This research is part of my doctoral research at Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design in London in collaboration with Imperial College London.

Marin Sawa
Marin Sawa
Marin is a designer and PhD researcher, practising at the intersection of textile and architectural design with biotechnology. She is particularly interested in the synthesis of art, science and technology in the context of design and sustainability.

She previously studied at the Architectural Association for her BA (Hons), Architecture and RIBA part1. She spent several years in Tokyo working for various architects firms and charismatic designers, including Taisuke Higuchi (Mackintosh/Globe Trotter Marunouchi), the renowned architects office, Kengo Kuma and Associates (Tokyo Agricultural University Museum, Designers Mansions 'Ajito', exhibition designs, the web design for the Kengo Kuma office), which led her to explore her passion for material structures culminating in a master's degree at Central Saint Martins entitled Design For Textile Futures, from which she has graduated with distinction.

Recent awards include the 2012 UAL International Graduate Scholarship, for funding her research degree at CSM, and 2012 Color in Design Award sponsored by Pantone.

Currently, as of the duration of her PhD (2011/12-2015), she is the Artist in Residence at Biochemistry Dep. (The Nixon Group), Sir Ernst Chain Building – Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London. This unique collaboration has been forged through the Energy Futures Lab, Imperial College, based on the commonality, algae, between her best-known work, Algaerium and their algal research: she continues to explore an intersection of design and algal biotechnology for an urban environment.






domingo, 18 de noviembre de 2012

Home Aquaponics Kit: Self-Cleaning Fish Tank That Grows Food

ORIGINAL: Kickstarter
by Nikhil & Alejandro




The Aquaponics Garden: an elegant table-top fish tank that cleans itself & grows fresh food at the same time. A closed-loop ecosystem!

Launched: Nov 15, 2012
Funding ends: Dec 15, 2012

Check out this recent article from GOOD Magazine on this campaign!

Grow fresh produce right in the comfort of your own home - beans, basil, thyme, baby greens, oregano, mint, parsley, spinach and so many other delicious foods!

Follow our Kickstarter journey on Facebook and Twitter!

Perfect for the classroom!
A Beautifully Simple & Closed-Loop Ecosystem Right on Your Table
An elegant table-top experience
Fun for families!
Great for classrooms and science projects

So What's Happening Inside?
Aquaponics Garden

So what's happening? The fish, they poo and they pee, and all that waste-water gets broken down by beneficial bacteria into nutrients

The waste-water from the fish is then pumped up & upcycled as an awesome organic fertilizer for the plants. The plants take up the nutrients and, at the same time, clean the water which then falls back down for the fish.

There is no soil - the plants are growing just on rocks - all the nutrients coming from the fish (no need for any artificial fertilizers - it's all organic!!)

There is no need to clean the water because of the plants - it's a self-cleaning fish tank!

What Can I Grow?

Choose from a variety of fresh produce, including spinach, baby greens, oregano, beans, basil, mint, parsley & thyme.

Harvesting Basil_Aquaponics Garden
All You Have to Do is Feed Your Fish

You can pick from a ton of different types of fish that will work great in the system - including our favorite, the Betta fish we have pictured in our system!
Feeding Fish_Aquaponics Garden
What Comes With My Aquaponics Garden?

Each Aquaponics Garden comes with the entire system - ready to go & no assembly required!

Includes:
  • The tank & garden top - food and pet safe!
  • Air pump to bring your nutrients up and oxygenate the water
  • 5 pots with pebbles (from which the plants will grow)
  • Organic seeds (mixture of various herbs)
  • Fish food and water conditioners to get started right away
Just add water & fish and watch your system take off! Our goal was to make this incredibly intuitive and easy to setup!

Who We Are
2 Recent College Grads On a Mission to Help People Grow Their Own Food at Home

Help Bring This to Life - Pledge Today
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FAQ

  1. How many fish can I keep? The industry standard is 1" of fish for 1 gallon of water. This is a 3 gallon tank, so you can have 1 larger 3" fish, or a few smaller 1" fish. If you'd like to host other types of fish, the system will allow it, but you should transfer them out to a larger tank when they grow in size.
  2. What kind of fish can I put in my tank? Many types will work well, but we highly recommend some ornamental fish like Bettas, cloud fish, danios, or small goldfish. These are some of the easiest fish to keep, but depending on your expertise, you can keep others!
  3. How big is the unit? It's roughly 10" wide, by 11" high, by 6" deep - smaller than your average toaster oven! The tank itself holds 3 gallons of water. When empty, it's super-light, just a few pounds!
  4. What is it made out of? We are finalizing the exact materials, but are exploring various combinations of recycled plastics, acrylic, and glass.
  5. Can I grow flowers in my system? Absolutely!!
  6. How many different types of plants can I grow? There are 5 "pots" to plant in, and you pick and choose what combo of plants to grow in them as you please! Five of the same, or one of each. You can get creative!
  7. Does it need sunlight - I thought fish don't like sun? We recommend putting the tank right next your window, with the back up against a wall. That way there's no direct light coming into your tank, but at the same time, enough ambient sunlight to help the plants grow. If you'd like to place the kit right against a window, we suggest just placing a backer against the back clear panel to prevent direct sunlight from hitting the tank (which can cause algae growth!) We're working on finding the best tint for the back right now.
  8. 8) Can I grow year-round? Yes! If it's too cold though for the fish you choose or you don't have proper light in the winter, we suggest investing in some inexpensive water-heaters and grow-lights to guarantee consistent growth! We'll have our favorite suggestions on our site, and links to buy them, when we are reading to ship in late February.
  9. 9) Can I use my own seeds? Absolutely! We don't believe in the pricey subscription model when it comes to food! You don't need to buy any special replacement pre-seeded pods from us - use your own seeds!

RISKS AND CHALLENGES

Some of the challenges that we are currently working to solve and create the best possible solutions for are below. We will constantly be updating our Kickstarter community as we learn more and make decisions on the below areas.

Some manufacturing challenges:
  1. Keeping costs down on the accessory inputs: Manage costs by getting many of the additional inputs donated for free. We are looking to partner with various suppliers of fish food and water conditioners to offer starter kits for free with our Aquaponics Garden. By keeping their brand on these starter packs, it'll expose their brand to many more customers and make up for the donation of the starter packs. These relationships are still being finalized, and there is a risk of added costs if we cannot make these happen.
  2. Manufacturing of the Pot: We are still determining how the actual pot will be manufactured - will it be one injected molded pot, or 3 different parts sonic welded together (a U shaped piece) with a clear front and back panel. Although the separate pieces will look cleaner and offer more precise angles, it is more expensive. We are working with our manufacturer to understand the capability of their equipment to create the product in one pot-shaped unit and hopefully maintain quality and keep price down.
  3. Sustainability - we are looking into the best options to use entirely recycled plastic or glass. This is still being finalized and maintaing a low cost will be a challenge for these two solutions. We'll be constantly updating the KS community as we work on this!
  4. Time-line: We are confident here as we have a partner locally that has already committed to being able to manufacture this - which would reduce the months of time wasted in shipping by using foreign manufacturers.
  5. Colored Kits - we are still finalizing the exact way the colored/tinted back panel will be applied to the clear back - through an adhesive or a hook-mechanism. The problem with the adhesive has been being able to easily remove it if a customer wants to change the color. The hanging method adds more parts/tooling and drives the cost up.
  6. Etching - the exact font size of how big the names will be (for the LIFETIME LEGACY reward) is being finalized - there is a challenge/balance of having names be small enough to fit more names/make it accessible to more and big enough where it can be etched and readable. We will keep you informed!!

Leave a comment with any other questions!

Thanks!

Alejandro and Nikhil



FAQ


Have a question? If the info above doesn't help, you can ask the project creator directly.Ask a question
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592backers
$34,868pledged of $100,000 goal

26days to go
Back This Project$1 minimum pledge


This project will only be funded if at least $100,000 is pledged by Saturday Dec 15, 2:59am EST.

Project by
Nikhil & Alejandro

Oakland, CAContact me

First created · 2 backed
Nikhil Arora (1120 friends)
Website: http://backtotheroots.com

See full bio

Pledge $1 or more
18 backers


***BEHIND THE SCENES ACCESS*** Get access to private Kickstarter updates & fun(ny) pics from the journey!
Estimated delivery: Dec 2012


Pledge $10 or more
40 backers


***PHOTO MURAL*** Your picture will go up on the photo mural we're creating at our farm featuring all of our supporters. Your name will also be added to our website's product page so everyone knows who helped bring this to life!
Estimated delivery: Dec 2012


Pledge $25 or more
25 backers


***T-SHIRT*** Everyone will know about your love for the Aquaponics Garden when you wear your limited edition Sustainably Delicious t-shirt! (Int'l delivery not guaranteed by Dec 2012)
Estimated delivery: Dec 2012
Add $15 to ship outside the US


Pledge $40 or more
150 backers Sold out


***BE THE FIRST*** Save on an Aquaponics Garden pre-order by being one of the first 150 people in the world to own the kit.
Estimated delivery: Feb 2013
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Pledge $50 or more
273 backers


***AQUAPONICS GARDEN PRE-ORDER*** Whether you're buying one for your home or kid's classroom, you'll save 33% from the planned retail price and enjoy free shipping in the US by pre-ordering today!
Estimated delivery: Feb 2013
Add $50 to ship outside the US


Pledge $100 or more
45 backers


***CUSTOM COLORED AQUAPONICS GARDEN*** Add a bit more pop to your experience by tinting the back panel to the color of your choice! Includes: t-shirt. (Estimated delivery date of t-shirt: Dec 21 2012; Estimated delivery of kit: late Feb 2013; Items will ship together in late Feb 2013 for international backers)
Estimated delivery: Dec 2012
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Pledge $500 or more
13 backers Limited (137 of 150 left)


***LIFETIME LEGACY*** Your name will be permanently engraved on the bottom of every single kit we sell. As we scale, thousands of customers worldwide will always remember who helped make this possible! Includes: t-shirt & custom colored kit. (Estimated delivery date of t-shirt: Dec 21 2012; Estimated delivery of kit: late Feb 2013; Items will ship together in late Feb for international backers)
Estimated delivery: Dec 2012
Add $50 to ship outside the US


Pledge $2,000 or more
0 backers Limited (20 of 20 left)


***JOIN THE FAMILY*** In order to have the honor of hosting you at our annual company retreat, we will fly you out to San Francisco and put you up for 3 nights in early Jan 2013. Meet the Back to the Roots Family and experience our fun, fun(ny), and fun(ky) culture. Help us strategize and think through how to grow this movement of making food personal again! Includes: t-shirt, custom colored kit & liftetime legacy engraving. (Estimated delivery of t-shirt: Dec 21, 2012; Estimated delivery of kit: late Feb 2013; Estimated time of trip: Early January 2013; US domestic flights only)
Estimated delivery: Dec 2012
Add $50 to ship outside the US


Pledge $10,000 or more
0 backers Limited (10 of 10 left)


***INSPIRE YOUR COMMUNITY*** Alejandro and Nikhil will fly out to you and host an educational seminar for your community. We’ll be leading a discussion to inspire people towards a more sustainable future by growing your own food and eating local. We will cook a delicious, locally-sourced meal for all in attendance. Includes: t-shirt, custom colored kit & liftetime legacy engraving. (Estimated delivery of t-shirt: Dec 21, 2012; Estimated delivery for kit: Late Feb 2013; All details for event will be finalized directly with you)
Estimated delivery:

domingo, 27 de mayo de 2012

Researchers showcase ‘easy’ GM tracking technology

ORIGINAL: Food Navigator
By Nathan Gray, 30-Apr-2012

A new technology could help to monitor and track genetically modified crops in the food processing chain, say researchers.

New technology opens up GM tracking opportunities 
The technology aims to monitor genetically modified (GM) crops, not only in the field but also during the food processing chain, said the researchers. Writing in BMC Biotechnology, they reveal that the technology can identify GM crops at concentrations as low as 0.1% using a combination of bioluminescent and isothermal amplification technologies – meaning the technique could be used to monitor for contamination with GM ingredients.

Under current EU regulations the threshold limit for ‘unavoidable presence’ of GM materials in crops is 0.9%. After this level, items containing approved GM products require labelling.

The authors, led by Dr Guy Kiddle from Lumora – a spin-out company of the University of Cambridge, UK – assessed whether they could use a technique known as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to amplify DNA at a constant temperature before using a new technique called bioluminescent real time reporter (BART) to identify GM-specific DNA in real time.

Kiddle said that LAMP-BART was able to detect as little as 0.1% GM contamination of maize, and compared to PCR, was more tolerant of contaminating polysaccharides – meaning that the DNA clean-up process did not need to be as thorough.

"This method requires only basic equipment for DNA extraction and a constant temperature for DNA amplification and detection. Consequently LAMP-BART provides a 'field-ready' solution for monitoring GM crops and their interaction with wild plants or non-GM crops," he commented.

Innovative technology
Lumora recently won the top prize for commercial innovation at the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) innovation awards. The company won the award for the development of the BART system, which can be used to detect infectious organisms including bacteria and viruses using luciferase, the same enzyme which lights up fireflies.

The BART system triggers luciferase to produce light when it detects specific DNA or RNA sequences. By using DNA signals specific to GM crops, the researchers said the system can detect even very low levels of contamination.

The authors said that the LAMP-BART system is "an effective and sensitive technique for GM detection with significant potential for quantification even at low levels of contamination and in samples derived from crops such as maize with a large genome size.”

They added that the resilience of the system to acidic polysaccharides makes it ‘well suited’ to rapid sample preparation techniques ... “and hence to both high throughput laboratory settings and to portable GM detection applications.”


Source: BMC Biotechnology
Published online ahead of print, doi: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-15

“GMO detection using a bioluminescent real time reporter (BART) of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) suitable for field use”

Authors: G. Kiddle, P. Hardinge, N. Buttigieg, O. Gandelman, C. Pereira, et al

sábado, 26 de mayo de 2012

Las ciudades pueden ser la respuesta al calentamiento global

ORIGINAL: PlanetaCNN
Por William Turner M.
Viernes, 25 de mayo de 2012 a las 12:17

A pesar de emitir el 70% de las emisiones de CO2, expertos coinciden en que las ciudades pueden ser el modelo de vida más sustentable

Estocolmo, capital de Suecia, fue nombrada en 2010 la primera ciudad verde de Europa, gracias a su cuidado del agua y áreas verdes disponibles (Getty Images)
En 2011 la ciudad de Hamburgo, en Alemania, tomó el lugar de la capital verde europea, por su visión integral y participativa hacia la sustentabilidad (Getty Images)
Actualmente, la ciudad española de Vitoria-Gasteiz es la capital verde de Europa, reconocimiento que otorga la Comisión Europea (Getty Images)
El PPS busca la participación de la gente para mejorar los espacios públicos. Uno de sus proyectos fue cerrar la circulación de autos sobre Times Square (Proyect for Public Spaces/Cortesía)

La Ciudad de México ha implementado un programa para usar taxis ecológicos, que funcionan con electricidad (Cuartoscuro/Archivo)
Un grupo de arquitectos ha propuesto para Beirut, capital de Líbano, crear un jardín gigantesco en las azoteas de los edificios (Studio Invisible/Cortesía)
Beijing y Shangai, en China, son ciudades cuyo impacto ambiental es muy alto debido a las emisiones de CO2 de la industria y la urbanización sin planeación (AFP)


(CNNMéxico) — En un tiempo en que la población de la Tierra ha llegado a los 7,000 millones de habitantes, y que según Naciones Unidas, para el 2050 se habrán sumado 2,000 millones más, es claro que los humanos necesitaremos más espacio.

Esta necesidad enfrenta un dilema mayor: no ser una carga excesiva para el medio ambiente.

Para combatir el cambio climático recomendaría vivir en ciudades, si no, viviríamos dispersos, y eso ocasiona movilidad y consumo energético", dice Enrique Soto, académico de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).

Los centros urbanos serán para el 2050 el hogar del 70% de la población mundial, estimada en unos 9.1 millones de habitantes, de acuerdo con el documento Prospectos de urbanización mundial de la ONU.

A pesar de que ocupan solo el 2% del territorio del planeta, las ciudades producen el 70% de las emisiones de CO2 y al día arrojan unas 2 millones de toneladas de desperdicios a los cursos de agua.

"El transporte es el responsable del 65% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en las ciudades”, explica Soto.

Frente a este panorama, el concepto de "ciudad sustentable" cobra más fuerza, pues prometen a sus habitantes calidad de vida, acorde con el medio ambiente y con su propia fuerza motora para movilizarse, además de evitar la producción de desperdicios. 

Las ciudades sustentables parecen ser más una herramienta de mercadotecnia: invierten en reducción del consumo de energía, manejo de basura, etc; pero la base social es abandonada. Para mi, la base de la sustentabilidad debe de ser social, antes que ambiental”, dice Miguel Robles-Durán, director de la maestría en Ecologías Urbanas de la Escuela de Diseño Parsons, en Nueva York.

Para el académico, desarrollar ciudades que son completamente sustentables excede el presupuesto de la gran mayoría de los habitantes, lo que ocasiona una mayor desigualdad social.

Va a haber muchas otras ciudades sustentables como la Ciudad Masdar, en Abu Dhabi (en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos). Hay muchos 'enclaves' para millonarios, que aseguran que sus hogares no dejan una huella de carbono, pero los negocios de donde provienen sus ganancias sí lo hacen”. 

Las ¿nuevas? ciudades

La gran cantidad de habitantes de las principales capitales del mundo, unos 6,300 millones estimados para 2050, hace que sea necesaria una gran infraestructura para el abasto de energía, alimentos y agua. ¿La escasez de recursos podría desahuciar el modelo de la gran ciudad? 

Dentro de los grandes centros urbanos existen distintas áreas que funcionan como ciudades a escala, con servicios especializados de acuerdo a sus necesidades, como las zonas residenciales, industriales o financieras.

How the US Sold Africa to Multinationals Like Monsanto, Cargill, DuPont, PepsiCo and Others

ORIGINAL: AlterNet
May 23, 2012

The G8 scheme does nothing to address the problems that are at the core of hunger and malnutrition but will serve only to further poverty and inequality.

Photo Credit: michaeljung via Shutterstock.com
Driving through Ngong Hills, not far from Nairobi, Kenya, the corn on one side of the road is stunted and diseased. The farmer will not harvest a crop this year. On the other side of the road, the farmer gave up growing corn and erected a greenhouse, probably for growing a high-value crop like tomatoes. Though it's an expensive investment, agriculture consultants now recommend them. Just up the road, at a home run by Kenya Children of Hope, an organization that helps rehabilitate street children and reunite them with their families, one finds another failed corn crop and another greenhouse. The director, Charity, is frustrated because the two acres must feed the rescued children and earn money for the organization. After two tomato crops failed in the new greenhouse, her consultant recommended using a banned, toxic pesticide called carbofuran.

Will Obama's New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition help farmers like Charity? The New Alliance was announced in conjunction with the G8 meeting last Friday. Under the scheme, some 45 corporations, including Monsanto, Syngenta, Yara International, Cargill, DuPont, and PepsiCo, have pledged a total of $3.5 billion in investment in Africa. The full list of corporations and commitments has just been released, and one of the most notable is Yara International's promise to build a $2 billion fertilizer plant in Africa. Syngenta pledged to build a $1 billion business in Africa over the next decade. These promises are not charity; they are business.

This is par for the course for the attempted “second green revolution” that is currently underway. The Gates Foundation and its Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa are working to build up a network of private seed companies and private agro-dealers across Africa. The goal is to increase average fertilizer use in Africa by more than a factor of six and to decrease the distance each African farmer must travel to reach a shop selling seeds and inputs. Those who support this vision have heaped praise on Obama and the G8's New Alliance. In fact, with both Republican and Democratic support, this is one of the only things both parties agree on.

But what do actual Africans think? Not just the elite, but the peasant farmers? Charity, for her part, is frustrated. Most of Kenya's land is arid or semi-arid, making agriculture difficult if not impossible. But Ngong Hills receive adequate rainfall – or they did anyway. The climate crisis has changed the previously reliable rainfall patterns within Kenya and even a wet area like Ngong Hills is suffering. The stunted, diseased corn one sees there was planted from the “best” store-bought seed and ample chemical fertilizer was applied. The crop failure was not due to lack of inputs.

In another part of the country, about an hour from Nairobi, Samuel Nderitu points out more failed corn crops. Corn – or maize as Kenyans call it – has been the main staple since Kenya was colonized by the British. But the corn growing on the demonstration farm of Nderitu's NGO, Grow Biointensive Agricultural Center of Kenya (G-BIACK) is healthy and thriving. So are G-BIACK's other vegetable crops and fruit trees. Why will he harvest a successful crop when his next-door neighbor will not?

G-BIACK is an organic farming training center, and the crops there were grown with manure and compost instead of chemical fertilizer. G-BIACK also saves seeds instead of purchasing seeds from the store. The farmers in this region, near the city of Thika, farm tiny plots – as small as one-fifth of an acre and averaging one acre. Many use chemical fertilizer, but since it is expensive, they often fail to use enough. “Here, in Kenya, if you plant anything without chemical fertilizer, if you don't know anything about organic farming, it can't grow,” says Nderitu. But, as G-BIACK proves, those who do know how to farm organically achieve great success. G-BIACK was named the NGO of the Year in 2010 by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization and the Government of Kenya. And its next-door neighbor with the failed crop is now attending its trainings to learn organic farming.

About 15 km outside of Thika, a farmer named James is also thrilled he switched to organic farming. Farming only one-fifth of an acre, he used to require two $60 bags of fertilizer to plant his crops. Now, he uses manure from his pigs and he is happy with the results. Like most Kenyan farmers, James grows corn, beans, pumpkins, kale, and other crops for family consumption. For income, he can sell a pregnant sow for $240 or a month-old piglet for $20. Before, he would spend much of that money on fertilizer, but now he can use it for other things. He proudly demonstrates how to use his new well, which his increased income allowed him to afford. Next, he plans to buy a water pump so he doesn't have to pull the water out of the well one bucket at a time.

Organic farming in Kenya is not about hugging a tree. It's a simple financial matter. Those who rely on purchased inputs must use their scarce income to buy them. In Thika, where the population is concentrated and land sizes are tiny, many women supplement their farming income with prostitution. The area's AIDS rate is sky-high, although it has come down from the 37 percent high it reached a decade ago. Poverty breeds AIDS by pushing women into prostitution, but AIDS also breeds poverty, as children are orphaned when their parents die. Some are raised by grandparents, others live in child-headed households. By allowing farmers to keep their money instead of spending it on costly inputs, organic farming gives hope of breaking this cycle. How many fewer women will need to enter prostitution if they can instead make ends meet by farming?

Whereas chemical farming is input-intensive, organic farming requires knowledge. A farmer relying on fertilizer and purchased seeds needs money and the entire supply chain required to manufacture the inputs and distribute them to a nearby agro-dealer. But knowledge is free. Robert Mwangi learned how to farm organically from G-BIACK and soon saw his income increase. With five acres, he was never destitute, but now he has enough money to help family members out when they are in need. Mwangi's neighbors have seen his success and he is helping them adopt organic methods too. At the same time, he conducts experiments on his land to see which methods or crops give him the best results. As each farmer in the community conducts an experiment or two on their land each season, they can share their results with one another and all will benefit.

An internationally celebrated farming technique called the push-pull method has also helped Kenyan farmers increase yields – by a factor of 3.5. The yield increase is due to elimination of an insect pest, the stem borer, and a parasitic weed, striga, as well as an increase in soil fertility. The farmer pulls the stem borer away from the corn by planting a cattle feed crop called napier grass nearby. Napier grass is more attractive to egg-laying stem borer moths than corn, but few of the larvae that hatch on it survive.

A second cattle forage crop, desmodium, is planted between rows of corn. Desmodium, a legume, fixes nitrogen in the soil. It also releases chemicals into the soil causing striga seeds to “suicidally germinate.” It releases yet more chemicals into the air that repel stem borer moths and attract parasitic wasps that prey on stem borers. All of the crops used in the system are native, so no corporation profits, only the farmers themselves.

Malaki Obado and his son Padwa investigate a moringa tree. (Jill Richardson)
Elsewhere in Kenya, not far from the home of Barack Obama's paternal grandmother, American Amy Lint and her Kenyan husband Malaki Obado champion native Kenyan crops that are perfectly adapted to the region's long dry periods. To an untrained eye, the area looks desolate and devoid of food, but the locals know better. Walking through their rural village, the point out leafy greens, fruits and crops used for building materials, medicine and rope, all growing wild. These aren't a replacement for cultivated staples like corn, cassava or sorghum, but they provide micronutrients in local diets and improve local food security. With so much natural abundance, one must wonder why the Gates Foundation has sunk so many millions of dollars into creating staple crops with the full range of required nutrients genetically engineered into them.

Across Kenya's many different ethnic groups, provinces and ecological zones, farmers agree on what they need most, and it isn't help from Monsanto or Wal-Mart. It's water. In arid and semi-arid areas, lack of water has always been an issue. But at least the two rainy seasons, the long rains between March and June, and the short rains between October and December, were consistent. During each rainy period, Kenyan farmers would grow a crop that had to last until the next harvest. But, according to farmer Florence Ogendi, the rains changed about five years ago. First the short rains became unreliable, and now they can't even count on the long rains. In her area, the long rains used to come in late February, but this year they did not arrive until April.

Sometimes, water that used to be shared by all is now taken or polluted by a powerful few. Near Kitengela, an enormous flower farm has drilled wells to irrigate its crops, which are for export. With so much water going to irrigate flowers, the nearby Isinya River now runs dry. Elsewhere, Lake Naivasha suffers the same problem, also due to flower farms. And a day after Nderitu took his goats to graze near a local river, all five goats were dead. The autopsy revealed the deaths were from pesticides. Nderitu blames the enormous Del Monte pineapple plantation just across the river from where his goats grazed.

Access to land is another issue for Kenyan farmers. While farmers like James try to coax a living from a fraction of an acre, nearby Del Monte grows pineapples on several thousand acres. Locals report that they pay their workers a mere $2.40 a day, less than the minimum wage, but actually more than the $2.05 per day the other large farms in the area pay. Mwangi, who lives within sight of Del Monte's land, feels ill whenever they spray pesticides. The land could likely support more farmers, and more successful farmers, if it wasn't concentrated in the hands of a few corporations.

And one more request: Would the industrialized world please stop wreaking havoc with the climate! Sidney Quntai, a Maasai man, says, “In the last ten years... the climate pendulum shifted. Just took a drastic turn.” The Maasai are semi-nomadic pastoralists, relying entirely on raising cattle, sheep and goats in Kenya's arid and semi-arid areas. The droughts and flash floods of the last decade have brought invasive weeds and new livestock diseases to his people, and some families have had their herds wiped out entirely between the droughts and diseases of the last decade.

The new G8 scheme to help African farmers does nothing to address the problems that are at the core of hunger and malnutrition. More likely, it will serve only to further poverty and inequality across the continent. The elites of the first world work together with the elites of the third world in the name of helping peasant farmers, but it nobody consults the peasant farmers themselves. Perhaps Obama could spend a week or two living with his Kenyan family members to find out what they actually want and need before he suggests another program to “help” the people of Africa.


Jill Richardson is the founder of the blog La Vida Locavore and a member of the Organic Consumers Association policy advisory board. She is the author of Recipe for America: Why Our Food System Is Broken and What We Can Do to Fix It..

viernes, 25 de mayo de 2012

Serie ¿Adónde fue a parar Rio 92? ¿Adónde va Rio+20?

ORIGINAL: WWF Colombia
25 mayo 2012

Entrevista Leonardo Boff, teólogo
Rio 92 supuso un punto de inflexión en la historia personal de Leonardo Boff, miembro del Consejo Central de la Carta de la Tierra, teólogo, filósofo, conferenciante y escritor, pues fue durante aquella conferencia cuando decidió abandonar la Orden de los Frailes Menores (franciscanos), en la que había ingresado en 1959, con apenas 21 años. 

Durante aquel evento, hace dos décadas, en Rio de Janeiro, participó en un debate sobre religión y paz y criticó el judaísmo, el cristianismo y el islamismo «por su beligerancia». Boff fue advertido por un «cardenal espía del Vaticano», que se quejó de que no estaba cumpliendo el «silencio obsequioso» que determinaba Roma. Tras ser censurado debido a la teología de la liberación, el Vaticano quería que abandonase Brasil y cumpliera «silencio obsequioso» en un convento de Corea o de las Filipinas. Leonardo Boff no aceptó aquella nueva imposición de silencio y decidió alejarse de la Iglesia.

Además de ese hito en su trayectoria personal, Leonardo Boff recuerda la atmósfera de la conferencia. Según él, había «una mística que unía a todos, en el amor a la Tierra, en la reconciliación de todos más allá de sus diferencias. Parecía que allí nacía otro tipo de humanidad respetuosa con la naturaleza». Esa imagen es radicalmente diferente de las expectativas sobre Rio+20 y sus preparativos. En su opinión, el texto de base, por ejemplo, «es una vergüenza para la inteligencia mundial (…). Es un documento conmovedor en cuanto a su buena voluntad, pero ingenuo en lo tocante a la autocrítica y a la presentación de las propuestas que hace», dice con la misma franqueza que asustó al «cardenal espía» hace 20 años. Vea a continuación la entrevista que Leonardo Boff le concedió por escrito a WWF.


¿Qué hacía usted cuando se celebró Rio 92? ¿Recuerda algún episodio que marcara aquella conferencia?

El evento, como tal, era la expresión de un tipo de pensamiento y una visión del mundo diferentes, y de una relación con la Tierra que no era considerada un almacén de recursos explotables, sino como la gran casa común que debíamos cuidar. Había una mística que unía a todos, en el amor a la Tierra, en la reconciliación por encima de las diferencias. Parecía que estaban forjando otra humanidad diferente, respetuosa con la naturaleza y con las diferencias y fraterna. Para mí fue un momento inolvidable, porque tras un debate sobre religión y paz en que participé y en que critiqué duramente a las religiones abrahámicas por su beligerancia, un cardenal espía del Vaticano, el cardenal Baggio, me buscó y me dijo: «Usted no aprende nada con el "silencio obsequioso". Tiene que salir, no solo de Brasil, sino de América Latina. Puede elegir entre Corea o Filipinas. Pero tiene que salir». Yo le pregunté: «¿Pero en aquellos países podré enseñar teología y continuar escribiendo»? A lo que me respondió: «Debe permanecer en silencio obsequioso en el convento». Yo le respondí: «La primera vez, acepté el silencio en señal de humildad; eso fue una virtud. Ahora, ese silencio impuesto es manifiestamente injusto y representa un pecado; y eso no lo acepto.» Y replicó: «Tiene hasta mañana a mediodía para tomar una decisión.» Yo le respondí: "Ya he decidido. Abandono una trinchera pero no la lucha. Me autopromuevo al estado de Jesús, que no era sacerdote y mucho menos cardenal, pues era un seglar de la tribu de David, en la que nada se dice sobre el sacerdocio». Y entonces tuve que abandonar la orden franciscana y dejar el ministerio sacerdotal. No es un recuerdo agradable. Lo peor fue la absoluta falta de cortesía del cardenal, que fue nuncio apostólico en Brasil. Al extender la mano para saludarlo, él retiró la suya. Y recordé a San Francisco, que saludaba todos y se hizo amigo hasta del feroz lobo. ¿Por qué yo, franciscano, debería ser diferente y no entender la rudeza de un cardenal de mente estrecha y lleno de espíritu de venganza?

¿Qué países tuvieron una participación más destacada en Rio 92? ¿Cómo fue la participación de los países de América Latina?

No sé qué países latinoamericanos participaron. Lo que sí sé es que el novedoso gran actor que emergió en Rio 92 fueron las mujeres. Ellas, en su pabellón Femenina, que siempre estaba lleno, organizaron excelentes debates y significativos rituales. Dirigieron críticas muy contundentes al patriarcalismo que se esconde detrás del proceso industrialista/consumista y que está en la raíz de nuestra cultura de dominación.

¿Cuál fue el principal legado de la conferencia de Rio 92? 

Los frutos fueron escasos, pues si no no estaríamos en la delicada situación en que nos encontramos. Pero se escuchó el Grito de la Tierra, se extendió la conciencia de que somos responsables de nuestro futuro común. En Rio 92 se consagró la ambigua expresión desarrollo sostenible, que indica que no podemos seguir con la salvajada del tipo de desarrollo dominante, que no es desarrollo sino crecimiento material a cualquier precio. La categoría de la sostenibilidad ocupó un lugar central y se instaló definitivamente en el debate. Se puso sobre la mesa la cuestión de la distinta contribución de todos los países para enfrentar la crisis ecológica, la lucha contra el hambre y la miseria. Se apuntó por vez primera al considerable calentamiento del planeta, aunque no ello tuviera consecuencia alguna. Para mí, la mayor limitación de toda la conferencia fue el rechazo de una Carta de la Tierra, que tendría que haber sido el eje en que se basaran todos los demás proyectos. Nació algo notable y perenne: el programa 21. Pero se quedó como en una nebulosa, sin una visión de conjunto del planeta, de los ecosistemas interconectados. En aquel momento, Mijaíl Gorbachov, el ex secretario general del comité central del Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética, Maurice Strong, subsecretario general de la ONU, y el primer ministro holandés, Rudd Ludders, propusieron la idea de hacer una consulta a la humanidad y elaborar una Carta de la Tierra, que se hiciera de abajo hacia arriba, partiendo de los pueblos y no de las burocracias estatales. Participé en aquel debate y sugerí que se invitara a Paulo Freire, pues en todas esas cuestiones hay un problema de pedagogía, y no había nadie mejor que Paulo Freire para tratar esta cuestión. Tras su muerte, yo entré con fuerza para elaborar un borrador en representación de las Américas, cuya versión final fue bastante aprovechada.

Entre las resoluciones de la conferencia, ¿hay algún ámbito en que no se hayan registrado avances? 

Creo que se ha avanzado en la conciencia de la responsabilidad, primero sobre la responsabilidad social de las empresas, y luego sobre la responsabilidad socio-ambiental. Lo más importante fue la creación de una conciencia ecológica colectiva, que dejó de ser algo de los verdes y pasó a ser de toda la sociedad. Y creció más y más si sigue aumentando la conciencia de que, tal como están las cosas, no podemos seguir. Debemos cambiar. De lo contrario, vamos al encuentro de lo peor.

¿Cuál debería ser el principal resultado de Rio+20? 

No espero nada de los jefes de Estado. La mayoría ni asistirán; enviarán a ministros sin poder de decisión. Todo termina en un callejón sin salida: ¿quién financiará las medidas que eventualmente se tomen? Todos alegan que no tienen dinero, que están en una crisis económica y financiera y que no pueden ayudar. Como trasfondo está la perversa visión capitalista neoliberal: lo que cuenta son los mercados, las monedas, el sistema económico-financiero, y no la vida, la humanidad, el futuro de nuestra civilización y la preservación de la vitalidad de la Tierra. Y así, solemnemente, nos dirigimos hacia un posible y previsible desastre ecológico-social. Pero crecerá, dialécticamente, la consciencia de la humanidad, representada en la Cumbre de los Pueblos. Ellos tratan las verdaderas cuestiones, confiando en que «cuando una idea llega a su madurez, nadie más puede detenerla y se impondrá y creará un nuevo curso para la historia». Nos salvaremos e inauguraremos una nueva forma de habitar el planeta, más respetuosa hacia la vida y más solidaria para con todos los seres humanos, especialmente con aquellos que sufren.


¿Qué opinión le merece el texto de base de Rio+20

Ese documento es una vergüenza para la inteligencia mundial, después de tantos años ha acumulado pensamiento y experiencias sobre la crisis de la Tierra. Es un documento conmovedor en cuanto a su buena voluntad, pero ingenuo en lo que respecta a la autocrítica y a la presentación de mediaciones para las propuestas que hace. Los tres temas centrales,
  • la sostenibilidad, 
  • la gobernanta global y 
  • la economía verde, 
no definen claramente ningún momento, dando la impresión de que quisieran ocupar las mentes pensantes mundiales y los movimientos para no ocuparse de los verdaderos problemas que afligen a la humanidad: 
  • el modo de producción que devastaron naturaleza, 
  • las desigualdades (injusticias sociales) y 
  • la urgencia de modelos alternativos de consumo de los límites alcanzados en la Tierra, que no consigue reponer lo que sacamos de ella.

¿De qué forma pueden el sector empresarial y la sociedad civil contribuir a la conservación del medio ambiente y al desarrollo sostenible?

Mientras no surja un nuevo paradigma de relación con la naturaleza y con la Tierra y sigamos con este modo industrialista/consumista/individualista, no se puede esperar ningún cambio sustancial para mitigar la crisis generalizada. Las empresas son fundamentales, pues ellas son las que garantizan la infraestructura material de la vida. Pero son víctimas del modelo imperante, que es la acumulación sin límites, al precio de devastar la naturaleza, y no quedarse atrás en la competencia. Ese método es el camino seguro hacia el desastre. Estoy de acuerdo con Hegel cuando dice: «El ser humano aprende de la historia que no aprende nada de la historia, pero aprende todo del sufrimiento.» Pienso que no cambiaremos hasta que el sufrimiento sea colectivo y afecte a todo el mundo. En caso contrario, corremos el riesgo de que la Tierra continúe, pero sin nosotros. 

¿En qué medida es viable la estructuración de la llamada «economía verde»? ¿Sería también importante una «economía azul»?

La economía verde tiene elementos importantes que tenemos que valorar, pues quiere preservar la vitalidad de la naturaleza. Sin embargo, no pone en cuestión el paradigma vigente que supone la dominación de la naturaleza y la acumulación ilimitada y el consumo a todo trapo. No cuestiona las desigualdades mundiales ni que gran parte de los pueblos vivan en la pobreza. Y hay un alto riesgo de que se ponga precio a todo, hasta a los commons, es decir, a los bienes y servicios directamente vinculados a la vida, como el agua, los alimentos, las semillas, los suelos, el aire, la energía, etc. Pero la vida es sagrada y no puede ser transformada en una mercancía. 

Si eso sucediera, habríamos alcanzado la cumbre del espíritu capitalista y, a partir de ahí, también su desmoronamiento. Lo que es sagrado es inviolable, y una vez violado crea mecanismos de castigo y exclusión, algo de lo que nos alertan continuamente los cosmólogos y los biólogos. No queremos el fin del mundo. Lo que queremos es el fin de este tipo de mundo hostil a la vida, la solidaridad, la compasión y al amor.


Desde la perspectiva del acceso de los ciudadanos a los alimentos, el agua y la energía, ¿cómo deben ver los gobiernos y la sociedad el medio ambiente? ¿Cuál es la solución de futuro para la Amazonia, para Brasil y para América Latina?

Esa pregunta es excesivamente compleja para ser respondida. Pero lo que yo creo es que no debemos esperar mucho de los poderes públicos y los gobiernos, pues son rehenes de las grandes corporaciones del sistema del capital. Están obligados a seguir su lógica, que es que crezca su PIB cuando menos un poco todos los años. Ahora bien, la Tierra ya no puede soportar esa lógica, y ha llegado a sus límites, que ya se hacen palpables. Yo espero soluciones que vengan desde abajo, de los indignados y de los desesperados, de los que no aceptan el veredicto de muerte sobre sus vidas y sus ecosistemas, de los movimientos que han creado otra visión de la Tierra y de los procesos de producción de lo suficiente y de lo decente para nosotros, los humanos, y para toda la comunidad de vida. Creo que el proyecto del «buen vivir» de los pueblos andinos atesora la solución de lo que será obligatorio para toda la humanidad y para conservar el planeta. Y eso será buscar el equilibrio en todo, llegar a una economía de lo suficiente y no de la acumulación, de la comunión entre todos los seres y también con las energías universales y espirituales, y vivir en profunda comunión con la Pacha Mama, la Tierra, nuestro único Hogar Común, pues no tenemos otro hogar posible. O haremos eso o enfrentaremos la extinción lenta de nuestra especie y una profunda agresión a la biosfera que continuará, pero sin nuestra especie, la cual, debido a su agresividad, creó una nueva era geológica, el antropoceno, es decir, el ser humano como verdadero meteoro rasante capaz de autodestruirse y dañar profundamente al planeta vivo, a la Tierra. Pero, como el espíritu está primero en el universo y luego en nosotros, quién sabe, tal vez dentro millones de años surja un ser complejo capaz de soportar el espíritu e inaugurar otro tipo de civilización, seguramente mejor y más benéfica que la nuestra.

LEY LLERAS 2.0: OTRO ACTO DE INDIGNIDAD DE ESTE GOBIERNO

miércoles, 4 de abril de 2012

Young Mammoth Likely Butchered by Humans

ORIGINAL: LiveScience

The mammoth, which is thought to be approximately 2.5 years old when it died, appears to have been cut open at some point. CREDIT: Courtesy of F Latreille/Mammuthus/MCE 
A juvenile mammoth, nicknamed "Yuka," was found entombed in Siberian ice near the shores of the Arctic Ocean and shows signs of being cut open by ancient people.

The remarkably well preserved frozen carcass was discovered in Siberia as part of a BBC/Discovery Channel-funded expedition and is believed to be at least 10,000 years old, if not older. If further study confirms the preliminary findings, it would be the first mammoth carcass revealing signs of human interaction in the region.

The carcass is in such good shape that much of its flesh is still intact, retaining its pink color. The blonde-red hue of Yuka's woolly coat also remains.

"This is the first relatively complete mammoth carcass -- that is, a body with soft tissues preserved -- to show evidence of human association," Daniel Fisher, curator and director of the University of Michigan's Museum of Paleontology, told Discovery News.

Fisher, who is also a professor, worked with an international team of experts to analyze Yuka. French mammoth hunter Bernard Buigues of the scientific organization "Mammuthus" saved the specimen from falling into the hands of private collectors.

Although carbon dating is still in the works, the researchers believe Yuka died at least 10,000 years ago, but may be much older. The animal was about 2.5 years old when it died.

Fisher described what likely happened on that fateful day:

"It appears that Yuka was pursued by one or more lions or another large field, judging from deep, unhealed scratches in the hide and bite marks on the tail," Fisher said. "Yuka then apparently fell, breaking one of the lower hind legs. At this point, humans may have moved in to control the carcass, butchering much of the animal and removing parts that they would use immediately".

"They may, in fact, have reburied the rest of the carcass to keep it in reserve for possible later use. What remains now would then be 'leftovers' that were never retrieved."

He explained that the removed parts include most of the main core mass of Yuka's body, including organs, vertebrae, ribs, associated musculature, and some of the meat from upper parts of the legs. The lower parts of each leg and the trunk remain intact.

Buigues added that it appears the humans were particularly interested in the animal's fat and its large bones, which they kept close to the body of the carcass. He believes it is possible that a ritual may have taken place involving the bones.

Kevin Campbell of the University of Manitoba also studied Yuka. Campbell famously published the genetic code of mammoth hemoglobin a few years ago.

"Most permafrost-preserved mammoth specimens consist solely of bones or bone fragments that currently provide little new insight into the species' biology in life, even if DNA can be extracted and sequenced from these samples," Campbell said. "This extremely rare finding of a near complete specimen, like the discovery of the baby mammoth Lyuba in 2007, will be a boon to researchers as it will help them link observed phenotypes (morphological features that we can see) with genotype (DNA sequences)."

Such information could help reveal whether or not mammoths had all of the same hair colors that humans do. An intriguing and controversial application would be to bring a mammoth back to life via cloning.

Campbell supports pursuit of that goal, saying it "may well lead to important new discoveries in bioengineering." Buigues is also in favor and said, "I'm not against having a mammoth in my garden in future."

Tim Walker, producer and director of a forthcoming BBC/Discovery Channel show called "Woolly Mammoth" that will feature Yuka, told Discovery News that cloning a mammoth could take years or even decades.

"Then, if it did happen, wouldn't a single mammoth be lonely and sad?" he asked. "They were, after all, communal animals."

This article was provided by Discovery News.