Scientists capture first super-res X-rays of living cells

While lower-energy "soft" X-rays can already image living cells, the higher-energy "hard" ones that can view objects as small as a few nanometers haven't been able to -- until now.

 

To avoid damaging the cells, the researchers exposed them for only 0.05 seconds at a time, but still managed to image nanometer-scale structures. Britta Weinhausen/University of Göttingen

Typically, to view super small objects like molecules, the samples must first be dipped in a chemical preservative bath of death that keeps all parts entirely locked in place and thus viewable via very sophisticated tech such as X-ray devices and electron microscopes. The problem, of course, is that those molecules don't behave the same in death as they do in life, so while our current views of life at the nanoscale level are extremely detailed, they're technically speaking views of death, or at the very least, life frozen.

Now scientists at the University of Göttingen in Germany say that, using a new approach with one of the world's most sophisticated X-ray machines, the Petra III, they've been able to view -- however briefly -- actual living cells in their natural environment.

Reporting in the journal Physical Review Letters, the researchers say they grew cancer cells from the adrenal cortex on a silicon nitrate substance that is nearly transparent to X-rays. They then fed those cells nutrients and pumped away their metabolic products so that they could keep the cells alive in as close to a natural environment as possible while still being viewable by the higher-energy (aka "hard" X-ray) Petra III. While lower-energy "soft" X-rays can already image living cells, the resolution isn't as good.

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To avoid killing the cells with the powerful X-ray beams, they exposed the sample in a series of frames that each lasted a mere 0.05 seconds. They then used this same nanodiffraction approach on chemically fixed cells for comparison and found that their cellular structures were noticeably different when viewed on a scale of 30 to 50 nanometers (that is, millionths of a millimeter).

While this initial test was performed using extremely brief and powerful blasts on petri dish cancer cells, the researchers say it offers evidence that we should be able to study living cells at super high resolution without first having to change their molecular behavior -- which could dramatically improve our understanding of life, including diseases and treatments, at the nanoscale level.

ORIGINAL: CNet

by Elizabeth Armstrong Moore @ejamoore
February 28, 2014

Peter Thiel Bets Big On 3-D Printed Meat

ORIGINAL: FastCo

The legendary VC’s investment means factory-assembled, cruelty-free, 100% natural-feeling leather may be coming as soon as next year. After that: Get ready for your first test-tube steak.

A world of animal-free animal products would be better for our carbon footprint and our rainforests, make us safe from drug-resistant bacteria and pink slime. Vegan meat is, improbably, a hot topic in Silicon Valley lately; Twitter’s co-founders recently made a large investment in a vegetable product that tastes impossibly close to real meat. While their investment whips chickeny goodness out of shredded plant proteins, a company called Modern Meadow is taking things a step wilder, culturing and then bioprinting ultralifelike meat and leather products directly from real animal cells. The company, which emerged from Singularity University’s incubator, today announced a six-figure seed investment from Peter Thiel’s Breakout Labs, dedicated to supporting early stage science, putting lab-printed meat that much closer to your hungry mouth.

Chief scientist Gabor Forgacs (who appeared on Fast Company's 100 Most Creative People in Business list in 2010) founded a company called Organovo, a startup specializing in 3-D printed, bioengineered organs. As his son, Modern Meadow co-founder and CEO Andras Forgacs, explains, this new venture is, ahem, a natural outgrowth of that one. "The idea struck us that if we can make medical-grade tissues that are good enough for drug companies, good enough for patients, then certainly we can find other applications for tissue engineering." Forgacs does seem to understand how terrifying that sounds, which is why his startup has been relatively press-shy until the announcement this morning, and also why they’re starting with wearable, not edible, products. Still, he argues that cell culturing for food is as old as, well, culture itself:

"Whether you’re brewing beer or making yogurt, you’re really doing cell culture," he says. In this case, though, the process involves

• biopsying a living animal(a relatively harmless procedure),
• isolating the desired cells
• growing large numbers of them, and
• preparing them into cell aggregates--spheres of tens of thousands of cells.

These aggregates can then become the raw material for more industrial processes.

In the case of complete organs, that process is something like 3-D printing. For calfskin--the product that Modern Meadow intends to turn out by the end of the year--it would resemble something more like regular printing or weaving. The end result will be a hairless, pre-tanned, soft, smooth, chemical- and waste-free material in any color or pattern imaginable--Komodo dragon skin purse, anyone?--ready for guilt-free accessorizing.

ANYA KAMENETZ

Anya Kamenetz is a senior writer at Fast Company, where she writes the column Life In Beta about change. She’s the author of two books, Generation Debt ... Continued

Modern Meadow

"We are developing proprietary tissue engineering technologies to produce high value, food grade animal protein (e.g. meat and hide) without the need to raise, slaughter and transport livestock. At scale, this enables lower costs and lower inputs of land, water, chemicals and fossil fuels. Our customers are first the leather industry (fashion, furniture, etc.) then the food industry with products that have near universal global consumer demand"