Nissan demos its self-driving cars for 2020

ORIGINAL: Green Cars Reports
Stephen Edelstein, Green Car Reports
September 10, 2013


Cars that can drive themselves--under certain circumstances--are increasingly in the news.
Even so, Nissan surprised the world with its recent announcement of a program to develop a fully autonomous car by 2020.

Nissan

The Japanese carmaker obviously isn’t the first to experiment with self-driving vehicles, so how will Nissan contribute to the rise of the machines?

Nissan Leaf autonomous car prototype

No emissions, no fatalities
At the Nissan 360 event in Southern California, executive vice president Andy Palmer said “zero emissions” and “zero fatalities” will be the twin pillars of Nissan’s future product strategy.

The company exercised a good deal of pragmatism in getting the plug-in Leaf into production, and it seems to be taking the same approach with autonomous cars.

Some of the company's advanced technology is based on the Safety Shield suite of electronic aids, some of which--including 360-degree sensing, called Surround View--are already available in production cars.

The prototype vehicle for testing autonomous technology is a modified Leaf electric car.

Everything a driver does?
Nissan says the car can do everything a human driver can, including changing lanes and avoiding collisions.

At the event, Nissan prototypes demonstrated several specific behaviors--using Nissan Leafs equipped with a variety of cameras, laser scanners, and processing algorithms:

• Self-parking in a parking lot, including identifying an empty space and backing into it (the Japanese custom)
• Autonomous city driving, including four-way intersections
• Autonomous highway driving, including accelerating onto a highway, exiting on a ramp and coming to a stop, lane centering, and avoiding parallel vehicles that are too close
• Swerving to avoid pedestrian stepping out from between cars
• Crash avoidance via changing lanes

Nissan Leaf with automatic parking location to position over a wireless charging pad, Oppama, Japan

Vehicles may not talk to each other
Palmer said that Nissan won’t rely on connectivity to orient its cars. Instead, the prototypes have laser scanners and cameras for eyes, and a computer system that can “learn” new roads.

In other words, future robotic Nissans won’t need any infrastructure to support them. Vehicles using Car 2 Car Communication technology require an array of sensors, or at least a pack of cars equipped with the same technology, to know where they’re going.

Signal strength can also be an issue for cars that use GPS to orient themselves.

Tests of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications are now being conducted in the U.S., Europe, and Asia, using prototype technology that carmakers hope to agree on within a few years.

If Nissan’s more basic approach to autonomous driving works, the company could meet its 2020 goal--just as it met its goal for putting an electric car on sale in 2010.

Nissan provided airfare, lodging, and meals so High Gear Media could attend the global Nissan 360 event and bring you this report.

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Could the sea be conscious? Research reveals how tiny plankton behave like a marine 'megamind'

ORIGINAL: Daily Mail

By DAMIEN GAYLE

13 February 2013

U.S. researchers find that different forms of picoplankton react as one to environmental changes

Although as different as humans and fungi, the creatures' behaviour was linked

Findings could help researchers understand why some species are impossible to grow in isolation

Vastly different species of sea microbes work together to respond as one to their surroundings as if they have one 'megamind', new research has revealed.

U.S. researchers have discovered communities of infinitesimal creatures in our oceans react in unison to changes in their environment.

The links between them are not well understood, but findings suggest the creatures rely on each other to almost the same extent as the different cells in a human body.

Megamind: Despite the amazing diversity of marine microbes, a new research paper shows that many different groups work together to react in unison to their surroundings

As an example, if one set of the microbes were, say, creating energy through photosynthesis, which would then produce carbon dioxide, another set of microbes would somehow know and react - perhaps preparing to absorb the carbon dioxide.

The open sea contains an amazing diversity of extremely tiny organisms called picoplankton, which include relatively simple life forms such as marine bacteria, as well as more complicated organisms.

Microbiologists who study wild marine microbes, as opposed to the lab-grown variety, face enormous challenges in getting a clear picture of the daily activities of their subjects.

To take a look at these creatures in their natural habitat, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute used a new method for collecting marine microbes.

They created a robotic sampling device which dangled beneath the waves to collect samples of one billion microbes every four hours.

Similar to fast photography that stops action, the robotic device 'fixed' each sample so that whatever genes the microbes were expressing at the moment of capture were preserved for later study.

After returning the samples to the lab, researchers used cutting-edge analysis techniques to figure out which genes within the microbes were actively being used at different times of day.

This involved sorting through millions of billions of fragments of genetic material and then assigning each fragment to a specific gene and a specific type of microbe.

In so doing they created a time-lapse montage of the daily labours of a range of microbial species over a two-day period.

A research vessel drifts near the buoy supporting the Environmental Sample Processor used to collect microbes for the experiment. Inset shows the yellow float with the ESP pressure housing suspended in the water

'A naturalist like Sir David Attenborough can follow a herd of elk and see how the elk’s behavior changes hour to hour, day to day and week to week,' said Edward DeLong, professor of environmental systems at MIT.

HOW RESEARCHERS 'FROZE TIME' TO MAKE THEIR FINDINGS

Using their robot microbe collecting device, researchers were able to gather samples of one billion microbes every four hours and keep them 'fixed' at the moment of collection.

This meant that whatever genes the microbes were expressing at the moment of capture were preserved for later study in the lab.

Microbes are extraordinarily sensitive to slight environmental changes, altering their gene expression rapidly in response to fluctuations in temperature, light, nutrient availability and other environmental variables.

Because of this, the genes they express tell a story about their habitat and their interactions with it.

In essence, changes in their gene expression provide information on the good times and the bad times they experience.

In a sense, each naturally occurring microbe is a living sensor and the researchers can read the sensors’ outputs by studying their gene expression.

By studying these environmental responses the MIT/MBARI team were able to make completely new findings about the behaviour of the creatures.

'But we haven’t been able to observe naturally occurring microbes with that kind of resolution until now.'

Professor DeLong, who is lead author of a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences detailing the research, added: 'We've essentially captured a day in the life of these microbes.

'As little as three years ago, I wouldn’t have even have considered it possible to get such a high resolution picture of microbial population dynamics and activity in the "real world".'

The montage showed photosynthetic microbes, which create the oxygen, energy and organic carbon used by the rest of the food web, ramped up their light-utilising activities in the morning and powered those down at night, just as their domestic brethren do in response to light and dark in the lab.

But the underwater scenes also showed something scientists had never seen before.

Non-photosynthetic, carbon-eating microbes of very different species displayed synchronised, rapidly varying metabolic gene expression - despite the fact that they came from groups as different as humans and fungi.

Some of the genes simultaneously expressed by different species shared the same function — for instance, genes associated with growth or respiration.

Others encoded very different functions, mirroring the varied metabolic capabilities of the disparate species.

'We've essentially captured a day in the life of these microbes': Researchers readying the robotic device connected to a buoy for its two-day sampling journey off the coast of California

The researchers hypothesised that all these microbes were reacting to the same environmental changes, but that different groups of microbes were responding in different ways.

Although the researchers cannot tell exactly which environmental changes the microbes were responding to, they suspect that the different groups of microbes were working together to obtain different types of food.

For example, some picoplankton could have been consuming large organic compounds such as proteins and fats. In the process, they could have produced simpler organic compounds, such as amino acids, which were then released into the surrounding seawater and consumed by other picoplankton.

'These results show a surprising amount of coordination between marine microbes,' said a spokesman for the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.

'They also suggest that, as in the food webs of larger organisms, many different groups of marine microbes rely on each other to survive on a day-to-day basis.

'This could help explain why so many species of marine microbes are difficult or impossible to grow by themselves in the lab.'

Descubren un "Mundo Perdido" bajo la Antártida

ORIGINAL: ABC.es

De Jose Manuel Nieves (el 04/01/2012 a las 01:11:06, en Ciencia)

No se trata del hallazgo de una sola especie, sino de todo un ecosistema completamente nuevo para la Ciencia. Comunidades enteras de especies hasta ahora desconocidas y que han sido descubiertas bajo los hielos perpetuos de la Antártida, prosperando al calor de fuentes hidrotermales del fondo marino, en un ambiente oscuro y al que no llega la luz del sol. El descubrimiento, recién publicado en PLoS Biology por un equipo de investigadores de las Universidades de Oxford y Southampton, incluye nuevas especies de cangrejos, estrellas de mar, percebes, anémonas y el pulpo albino que aparece sobre estas líneas.

El espectacular hallazgo ha sido posible gracias al uso, por primera vez, de un vehículo operado por control remoto (ROV) para explorar la cordillera de East Scotia, en lo más profundo del Océano Antártico, una zona en la que los vientos hidrotermales crean un ambiente único, totalmente carente de luz solar pero en el que abundan diversos elementos químicos esenciales. En la zona existen fuentes hidrotermales (chimeneas negras) que alcanzan temperaturas de hasta 382 grados centígrados.

"Las fuentes hidrotermales -afirma el profesor Alex Rogers, del Departamento de Zoología de la Universidad de Oxford y autor principal del estudio-  son el hogar de animales que no se encuentran en ninguna otra parte del planeta y que no obtienen su energía del sol, sino de compuestos químicos como el sulfuro de hidrógeno (o ácido sulfhídrico). El primer estudio de estas fuentes, en el Océano Antártico, ha revelado un mundo perdido oscuro y caliente, en el que prosperan comunidades enteras de organismos marinos hasta ahora desconocidos".

Los datos obtenidos por el ROV incluyen imágenes que muestran grandes colonias de una clase desconocida de cangrejo (arriba), posiblemente la especie dominante del ecosistema y cuyos individuos se arraciman alrededor de las chimeneas submarinas. 

El vehículo también descubrió una estrella marina de siete brazos, un voraz depredador que se arrastra a través de "campos" de criaturas que recuerdan a los percebes. A 2.400 metros de profundidad, el ROV se topó también con un raro pulpo de piel pálida que nunca había sido visto hasta ahora.

En su artículo, los investigadores se muestran sorprendidos por no haber econtrado ni una sola de las especies que son comunes en las fuentes hidrotermales del Pacífico, el Atlántico o el Índico. "Sencillamente - dice Alex Rogers- todas esas especies no estaban allí".

Rogers y su equipo creen que las diferencias entre los grupos de animales hallados en el Antártico y las que se encuentran en todos los demás océanos es una prueba de que las fuentes hidrotermales pueden tener mucha más diversidad y complejidad de lo que se pensaba. "Estos hallazgos -afirma Rogers- son una nueva muestra de la maravillosa diversidad que puede encontrarse en los océanos del mundo. En cualquier sitio que miremos, desde los soleados arrecifes de coral de los mares tropicales a estas fuentes de calor bajo la Antártida, sumidas en una oscuridad eterna, encontramos ecosistemas únicos que es necesario comprender y proteger".